Akaz Capital for Training and Consulting

Schedules Introduction Objectives Training Methodology Organisational Impact Personal Impact Who Should Attend? Outline

Home / Certified Training Courses / Fundamental Concepts and Operational Overview of the Oil & Gas Industry

Course Schedule

Classroom Sessions:

Date	Venue
28-24 Nov 2025	Dubai

Online Sessions:

Date	Venue
28-24 Nov 2025	Online

Introduction

INTRODUCTION

This Trading Oil on International Markets training course is designed to give participants a comprehensive picture of the international oil supply, transportation, refining and trade. Further, This training course will include crude oil and refined markets, risks, legal and regulatory issues involved in the international trading of crude oil and refined products. The training course is presented with the wide range of essential practices of petroleum industry spanning, exploration, extraction, refining; and global oil supply, reserves, production & trade flows. With the overview of these essential upstream and midstream practices, the industry downstream operations dealing with crude oil and refined products trading and its associated risks and uncertainties can be fully understood. Since price volatility always exists, the Price Risk Management appropriate techniques are presented in detail. Sales, Marketing, Trading and Risk Management are crucial and also the most dynamic parts of the value chain, and extremely important for managers to stay on the top of these activities.

This GLOMACS training course will feature:

Essential success factors in exploration, production, and transportation of oil
Important elements of petroleum refining and its economics
Improving refinery economics and overall profitability of oil business
Focusing on strategic planning and tactics to reduce corporate risk
Logistics of international supply, transportation and storage of oil
Practical aspects crude oil sales, marketing and trading

Objectives

By the end of this Trading Oil on International Markets training course, participants will be able to:

Understand Upstream oil exploration, production & supply principles and practices
Understand refining process, compute refinery gross and net margins
Understand LP models, and develop crude oil selection criteria
Apply petroleum economics, calculate financial benchmarks and prioritize projects
Estimate costs, negotiate and compare physical deals and help write contracts for the sale of crude oil and refined products
Use World scale reference to charter a ship and to calculate the profitability
Understand the international markets, their risks and how prices are formed and disseminated
Understand the hedging instruments, determine the price risk exposure and manage price risk
Acquire legal and regulatory issues relating to the International aspects of oil trading

Training Methodology

This GLOMACS training course is designed to encourage delegate participation through a combination of short videos, group discussions, and business case studies designed to reinforce new knowledge and skills, and discussion of “real life” issues in their organizations.

It will be highly interactive, with opportunities to advance your opinions and ideas. Participation is encouraged in a supportive environment. To ensure the concepts introduced during the course are understood, they will be reinforced through a mix of learning methods, including lecture style presentation, simulations of oil fields, simulation of refineries and demo of real-time market price movements of crude.

The training course will be presented with the use of PowerPoint slides and technical videos. This will be augmented by case studies and facilitated discussions, to engage the delegates and to encourage the exchange of ideas. Simulation, Market Buying & Selling Systems and Short videos will also be used to reinforce specific points and to relate the material to real-world experience.

WHO SHOULD ATTEND?

This Trading Oil on International Markets training course is suitable to a wide range of professionals but will greatly benefit:

Business Development managers
Corporate Planning professionals
Lawyers & law firms’ personnel
Geo scientists & Engineers
Refiners
Bankers, accountants
Auditors
Members of Board and Senior Oil Executives
Media personnel who interface with traders and trading
Government regulators
Tax & finance advisors
Auditors
Compliance officers
Equity & Financial Analysts and Bankers
Joint Venture officers
Contract Negotiators

Objectives

Training Methodology

Organisational Impact

Personal Impact

Who Should Attend?

Course Outline

Day 1

Essential Upstream Practices

Introduction to the course
Introduction to how oil was formed
- Origin, Accumulation And Migration Of Petroleum
- Essential Requirements For Hydrocarbon Accumulation
Fundamentals of Oil & Gas Geology and Petroleum Engineering
- Introduction To Oil & Gas Geology
- Simple Anticline Structural Trap
- Barrier or Closure – Reservoir Traps - Reservoir Mapping
- Oil & Gas Drilling Techniques
- Types Of Drilling – Exploration, Delineation, Appraisal, Developmental, Maintain Potential Wells
- Drilling Circulatory System – Safety And Environmental Impact
Well Logging and Well Completion
- Tools and Techniques for Evaluating Oil & Gas Wells
- Open and Cased Well Logs
- Functions of Well Casing
- Benefits of Horizontal Well over Vertical well - Multilateral Well Completions
Essence of International Oil Supply – Global Reserves, Production & Trade
- Introduction to global oil business - Exploration, Extraction, Refining, Marketing, Transportation
- Global Oil Resources – World Oil and Gas Reserves, Production of Oil and Gas
- Industry units – for the USA, Europe and Asia, Conversion factors
- Crude Oil Classifications
- Crude Oil Quality Indicators, crude oil characterization by Assays
- Crude Oil Distillation – Refined Products
- Oil Industry Units and Conversion factors
Fundamentals of Oil Economics
- Delivered price of crude oil – the concept GPW (Gross Product Worth)
- Net Refining Margin calculation
- Value of Crude Oil and the Determining Factors in Crude Selection

Day 2

Crude Oil Trading

The Evolution of International Oil Pricing System – The Big Picture
- Introduction
- Evolution of Crude Oil Pricing System
- The Era of the Posted Price
- The Pricing System Challenged by Independent Oil
- The Emergence & Consolidation OPEC Administered Pricing System
- The Changing Landscape for IOC’s/NOC’s
- The Collapse of the OPEC Administered Pricing – Net Back Pricing
- The Market-Related Oil Pricing System and Formulae Pricing
- Spot Markets, Long Term Contracts and Formula Pricing
- Benchmarks in Formulae Pricing
- Oil Price Reporting Agencies and Price Discovery Process
- The Brent Market and its Layers
- The US Benchmarks
- The Dubai-Oman Market
Trading Physical Crude Oil and its Logistics – Chap 2 CON
- Trading Fundamentals and Trading Terminology
- Impact of Production Sharing Contracts and its components
  - Fiscal Tools
  - Cost Recovery Component
  - Profit Oil Component
  - Royalty and Tax
  - Tax Implications – Ring Fencing
  - Market Price
- Joint Operating Agreements
- Transportation Agreements
  - Tariffs
  - Value Adjustment Mechanism
  - Terminal Logistics
  - Floating Platform Storage Operations
- Crude Oil Lifting Agreements
- Marine Vessel Nomination
- Physical Sales and Purchase Agreements
- Freight Contracts
  - Freight Costs
  - Laytime
  - Demurrage
The Dissection of Crude Oil Price
- First Component - the Absolute Price
- What are Benchmark crudes
  - Brent
  - WTI
  - ASCI
  - Dubai/Oman
  - TAPIS
  - ESPO
- Criteria for Ideal Benchmarks
- The Regulation of Benchmark Crudes
- Determination of Absolute Value of Crude
  - Forwards and Future
  - Brent Chains
  - Credit Security and Forward Market
- The Futures Market and Absolute Value of Oil
  - Initial Margin
  - Variation Margin
  - Physical Delivery
  - Exchange for Physical Delivery
- Hedging the Absolute Value of Crude Oil
  - Basic Hedging Theory
  - Practical Considerations
  - Dated Brent Risk Hedged with Forward Brent Contract
  - Floating Priced Hedging
- Speculation
Oil Price Formula – The 2nd Component - Time Differential
- Arbitrage
- Swap - the “Contract for Difference”
- What is the right time to set the price?
- What goes on when two traders transact a deal?
- CFD and the time value in Oil Price
- Value Fixation
- Floating Fixing or Hedging value of Oil
- Hedging and the Slope of the Forward Oil Curve
- The Term Contract Pricing of Oil
Oil Price Formula – The 3^rd Component - Grade Differential
- The Crude Oil Grade
- The Crude Oil Quality
- The Crude Discount
- The Refining Assay
  - Paraffinic
  - Naphthenic
  - Refining processes
- The Gross Product Worth
- Location and Freight
Price Risk Management - Hedging the Crude Oil Price
- The Types of Risks
- The Strategic Hedging
- Operational Hedging
- Risk Management Considerations
  - Correlations and Basis Rick
  - Tax Basis Risk
- Choosing The Right Tools
  - The Company Risk Profile
  - The Company Risk Appetite
  - Market Price View
- When to Close a Hedge
- When Strategic Hedge Go Operational
- Swaps
- Options
  - Premium
  - Option Style
  - Option Strategy
  - The Zero Cost Collar
- Option Valuation
- Summary

Day 3

Refined Products Trading

The Trading Refined Products
- Light Distillate
- Middle Distillate
- Fuel Oil
- Other products
- Participants in Refined Products Trading
- Arbitrage
- The 24/7 Market
- The Roll of Traders
- The importance of Location
- Transportation and Operations
- Pricing and the Netback War
- Pricing Policies Latest Trends
- Price Fixing
- Storage
- Types of Oil Products
- Supply/Demand Balance
- Production, Consumption and Refinery Capacity
  - Light Distillate
  - Middle Distillate
  - Fuel Oil
  - Other products
- Future Trends
- Environmental Products
Refining I – Basics
- Simple Chemistry for Non-Chemists
  - Paraffin
  - Olefins
  - Napthenes
  - Aromatics
  - Catalysts
- Crude Oil Properties
  - API and Sulfur
  - Acid
  - Salt
  - Water
  - Metals
  - Other
- The Crude Oil Assay
- Basic Refining Processes
  - Separation
  - Treatment
  - Upgrading Conversion
- Blending Refinery Economics
  - Gross Product worth
  - GPW and refiner Margin
  - Team Work
Refining II – Conventional Refinery Upgrading
- Cat Cracking
- Hydro-cracking
- Visbreaking
- Coking
Oil Products and their Qualities
- Physical Oil Products and the Grade Value of Crude
- Quality
- Petroleum Gases
  - Methane
  - Ethane
  - Propane
  - Butane
- Light Distillate
  - Naphtha
  - Gasoline
- Middle Distillate
  - Kerosene
  - Gas Oil
  - Diesel
- Fuel Oil
- Straight Run Fuel
- Cracked Fuel Oil
- LSWR
- Bunker Fuel Oil
- Specialty Products
  - Lubes
  - Waxes
  - Bitumen
  - Coke/Carbon Black
Oil Logistics and the Art of Trade
- Delivering Oil Products
  - Shipping
  - Pipeline
  - Rail Car
  - Road Truck
- Delivery Term
- Other Pricing Bases for Refined Products
- Oil Contracts
  - Split Weekends
  - Counter-parties
  - Grade/Quality
  - Quantity
  - Delivery
  - Price
  - Payment Clause
  - Irrevocable Documentary Letter of Credit
  - Standby Letter of Credit
  - Parent Company Guarantee
  - Open Credit
  - Dispute Resolution
  - Nominations
  - Vetting
- Storage
The Price of Refined Oil Products
- History of Oil Prices and How the Benchmarks evolved
- The Components of the Oil Price
- The Absolute Value of Products Price: the Role of Benchmark
  - The Characteristics of Bench Marks
  - Choosing the Right Benchmark: Price Reporting Agencies
  - The Bid-Offer Spread
  - Regulatory Oversight?
  - The Regulatory Investigation
- The Time Differential Value of Product Price
  - Bulls and Bears
  - The Contango Arbitrage
- Trading the Time Spread: Contango without Getting Physical
- The Value of Product Grade Differential

Day 4

The Risk Management

Oil Products Price Risk Management
Measuring Risk
- Strategic Hedging
- What is a Hedge
- What is a Hedge Loss
- Hedging and Speculation Compared
- The Role of Risk Manager
- Operational Hedging
- The Long and the Short of it
- Opening and Closing Hedges
- Basis Risk
The Forward Market
The Future Market
The Swaps Market
The Options
- The Size of the Premium
- The Option Style
- The Zero Cost Collar
Crack Spreads

Day 5

Legal and Regulatory

Legal and Regulatory Issues
- Contractual
- Regulatory
International
- International Aspects of Oil Trading
- Special Trade Terms
- Standardization of Terms
- International Sales of Goods
- General Trade Laws
- World Trade Organization
- Financial Issues
- Banks’s Role
- Shipping Laws
- Marine Insurance
- Dispute Resolution
- Impact of National Laws
- US an UN Trade Sanctions
- Sovereign Immunity
United States
- Oil Trading in the US
- General Commercial
- Anti-Trust Legislation
- Sovereign Immunity Act
- Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
- Commodity Trading Law
- Specific Contracts
  - Futures & Options Contracts
  - Exchange of Futures for Physical (EFP)
  - Swaps
United Kingdom
- Oil Trading in the UK
- General Commercial Law
- Competitive Law
- Finance and Banking Law
- Protection of Trading Interest Act
- Financial Services Law
- International Petroleum Exchange
Singapore
- Oil Trading in Singapore
- Singapore Exchange
- Comparison with London and New York
Controlling Financial Risk
- What is trading Risk?
- Other Potential Sources of Loss
- What are Characteristics of Energy Markets
- Determination of Risk
- Operations
- Conclusions

الشهادات المُعتمَدة

On successful completion of this training course, GLOMACS Certificate will be awarded to the delegates
Continuing Professional Education credits (CPE) : In accordance with the standards of the National Registry of CPE Sponsor, one CPE credit is granted per 50 minutes of attendance

Options

Fundamental Concepts and Operational Overview of the Oil & Gas Industry

Classroom Sessions:

Online Sessions:

INTRODUCTION

Objectives

Training Methodology

WHO SHOULD ATTEND?

Objectives

Training Methodology

Organisational Impact

Personal Impact

Who Should Attend?

Day 1

Essential Upstream Practices

Day 2

Crude Oil Trading

Day 3

Refined Products Trading

Day 4

The Risk Management

Day 5

Legal and Regulatory

Kuwait Office

Dubai Office

UK Office